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Table 1 Butterflies observed at five study sites

From: Diversity and density of butterfly communities in urban green areas: an analytical approach using GIS

Species

NS

EW

BD

HF

GF

Total

%

Habitat type

Niche breadth

Parnassius stubbendorfii

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

GL

S

Luehdorfia puziloi

    

0.5 (12)

0.09 (12)

0.9

FI

S

Papilio xuthus

0.13 (4)

0.33 (8)

0.21 (5)

0.03 (1)

 

0.14 (18)

1.4

GL

G

Papilio macilentus

   

0.07 (2)

 

0.02 (2)

0.2

FE

G

Papilio bianor

0.13 (4)

0.04 (1)

 

0.07 (2)

0.13 (3)

0.08 (10)

0.8

FI

G

Papilio maackii

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

FI

G

Pieris melete

0.23 (7)

1.04 (25)

0.21 (5)

0.57 (17)

0.88 (21)

0.57 (75)

5.9

FE

G

Pieris canidia

1.90 (57)

 

1.17 (28)

3.10 (93)

0.25 (6)

1.39 (184)

14.4

FE

G

Pieris rapae

0.83 (25)

0.38 (9)

2.00 (48)

2.20 (66)

 

1.12 (148)

11.6

GL

G

Anthocharis scolymus

0.17 (5)

 

0.21 (5)

0.53 (16)

0.08 (2)

0.21 (28)

2.2

FE

I

Colias erate

0.10 (3)

0.21 (5)

0.38 (9)

  

0.13 (17)

1.3

GL

G

Spindasis takanonis

 

0.04 (1)

   

0.01 (1)

0.1

FE

S

Coreana raphaelis

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

FI

S

Japonica lutea

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

FI

S

Antigius butleri

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

FI

S

Wagimo signatus

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

FI

S

Favonius orientalis

0.13 (4)

  

0.10 (3)

 

0.05 (7)

0.5

FI

S

Favonius taxila

    

0.13 (3)

0.02 (3)

0.2

FI

S

Satyrium prunoides

 

0.04 (1)

   

0.01 (1)

0.1

FE

S

Callophrys ferreus

0.03 (1)

  

0.03 (1)

 

0.02 (2)

0.2

FE

I

Rapala caerulea

0.03 (1)

 

0.13 (3)

0.17 (5)

 

0.07 (9)

0.7

FE

G

Lycaena dispar

 

0.04 (1)

   

0.01 (1)

0.1

GL

I

Lycaena phlaeas

 

0.08 (2)

   

0.02 (2)

0.2

GL

I

Zizeeria maha

0.90 (27)

0.67 (16)

7.38 (177)

2.70 (81)

 

2.28 (301)

23.5

GL

I

Cupido argiades

 

0.46 (11)

0.04 (1)

0.07 (2)

 

0.11 (14)

1.1

GL

G

Tongeia fischeri

0.03 (1)

 

0.25 (6)

0.20 (6)

0.04 (1)

0.11 (14)

1.1

GL

G

Celastrina argiolus

0.23 (7)

 

1.08 (26)

0.83 (25)

0.08 (2)

0.45 (60)

4.7

FE

G

Libythea lepita

0.07 (2)

 

0.04 (1)

0.20 (6)

5.17 (124)

1.01 (133)

10.4

FI

S

Parantica sita

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

FE

G

Mycalesis francisca

    

0.25 (6)

0.05 (6)

0.5

FE

G

Mycalesis gotama

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

FE

G

Minois dryas

  

0.17 (4)

  

0.03 (4)

0.3

GL

I

Argynnis paphia

    

0.33 (8)

0.06 (8)

0.6

FE

S

Argynnis laodice

 

0.04 (1)

  

0.04 (1)

0.02 (2)

0.2

GL

S

Argynnis ruslana

0.27 (8)

 

0.17 (4)

0.27 (8)

0.46 (11)

0.23 (31)

2.4

GL

S

Neptis sappho

  

0.04 (1)

 

0.08 (2)

0.02 (3)

0.2

FE

G

Neptis philyra

    

0.25 (6)

0.05 (6)

0.5

FI

I

Neptis philyroides

    

0.17 (4)

0.03 (4)

0.3

FI

I

Neptis speyeri

    

0.21 (5)

0.04 (5)

0.4

FI

S

Neptis alwina

    

0.08 (2)

0.02 (2)

0.2

FE

I

Neptis thisbe

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

FI

S

Neptis ilos

    

0.13 (3)

0.02 (3)

0.2

FI

S

Chitoria ulupi

    

0.88 (21)

0.16 (21)

1.6

FI

S

Dilipa fenestra

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

FI

S

Hestina assimilis

    

0.21 (5)

0.04 (5)

0.4

FI

I

Sasakia charonda

    

1.92 (46)

0.35 (46)

3.6

FI

S

Sephisa princeps

    

0.08 (2)

0.02 (2)

0.2

FI

I

Vanessa cardui

 

0.58 (14)

0.17 (4)

  

0.14 (18)

1.4

GL

G

Vanessa indica

0.10 (3)

0.13 (3)

   

0.05 (6)

0.5

GL

G

Polygonia c-aureum

0.03 (1)

1.00 (24)

0.17 (4)

0.03 (1)

0.04 (1)

0.23 (31)

2.4

GL

I

Burara aquilina

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

FI

I

Lobocla bifasciata

   

0.03 (1)

 

0.01 (1)

0.1

FE

I

Satarupa nymphalis

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

FI

S

Daimio tethys

  

0.13 (3)

  

0.02 (3)

0.2

FE

I

Erynnis montanus

  

0.04 (1)

 

0.25 (6)

0.05 (7)

0.5

FE

S

Thymelicus leoninus

    

0.04 (1)

0.01 (1)

0.1

GL

I

Parnara guttata

0.03 (1)

 

0.29 (7)

0.13 (4)

 

0.09 (12)

0.9

GL

G

Species richness

18

15

20

19

38

57

   

Density

5.37 (161)

5.08 (122)

14.25 (342)

11.33 (340)

13.17 (316)

9.70 (1281)

   
  1. Density indicate abundance per 1 km transect. The numbers in parentheses indicate abundance. See text for classification methods of habitat type and niche breadth. Study sites, NS: Namsan Park, EW: Ewha Womans University, BD: Bukseoul Dream Forest, HF: Hongneung Forest, GF: Gwangneung Forest. Habitat type, GL: grassland species, FE: forest edge species, FI: forest interior species. Niche breadth, S: specialist species, I: intermediate species, G: generalist species.