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Table 1 Identity of zoanthid specimens from Taiwan examined in this study, their collection information, and associated GenBank accession numbers
| Specimen number | Location | Region | Date* | Depth (m) | Collector | mt 16S rDNA | COI | ITS-rDNA | Symbiodinium ITS-rDNA | Identity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1582 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 4 | JD Reimer | KF499618 | NA | NA | NA | Palythoa tuberculosa |
| 1583 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 4 | JD Reimer | KF499617 | NA | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1584 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 4 | JD Reimer | KF499616 | NA | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1585 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 5 | JD Reimer | NA | NA | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1586 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 5 | JD Reimer | KF499615 | NA | NA | KF499805 | P. tuberculosa |
| 1587 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 4 | JD Reimer | KF499666 | KF499698 | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1588 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499665 | KF499699 | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1589 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499667 | KF499706 | NA | NA | Zoanthus vietnamensis |
| 1590 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499668 | KF499705 | NA | NA | Z. vietnamensis |
| 1591 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 1 | JD Reimer | NA | NA | NA | NA | Z. sansibaricus |
| 1592 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 1 | JD Reimer | NA | NA | NA | NA | Z. sansibaricus |
| 1593 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 1 | JD Reimer | NA | NA | NA | NA | Z. sansibaricus |
| 1594 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499663 | KF499695 | NA | KF499794 | Palythoa sp. “sakurajimensis” |
| 1595 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499661 | KF499697 | NA | KF499816 | Palythoa sp. “sakurajimensis” |
| 1596 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | NA | KF499704 | NA | NA | Palythoa mutuki |
| 1597 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499 | KF499696 | KF499778 | NA | Palythoa sp. “sakurajimensis” |
| 1598 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | NA | K Shashank | KF499620 | NA | NA | KF499806 | P. tuberculosa |
| 1599 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | NA | K Shashank | KF499619 | KF499693 | NA | KF499807 | P. tuberculosa |
| 1600 | Tiao-shi | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 8 | JD Reimer | KF499621 | KF499692 | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1601 | Tiao-shi | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 6 | JD Reimer | KF499622 | KF499691 | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1602 | Tiao-shi | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 5 | JD Reimer | KF499623 | KF499690 | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1603 | Tiao-shi | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 5 | JD Reimer | KF499624 | KF499689 | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1604 | Tiao-shi | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 5 | JD Reimer | KF499625 | KF499688 | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1605 | Tiao-shi | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 5 | JD Reimer | NA | NA | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1606 | Tiao-shi | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 5 | JD Reimer | NA | NA | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1616 | Ho-bi-hoo | Kenting | 04-Sep-09 | 9 | JD Reimer | KF499626 | KF499687 | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1617 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499627 | KF499745 | KF499767 | KF499787 | P. mutuki |
| 1618 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499638 | KF499744 | KF499764 | NA | P. mutuki |
| 1619 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499637 | KF499743 | NA | KF499827 | P. mutuki |
| 1620 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499636 | KF499742 | NA | KF499826 | P. mutuki |
| 1621 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499635 | KF499741 | KF499765 | KF499786 | P. mutuki |
| 1622 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499646 | KF499725 | NA | KF499825 | Zoanthus gigantus |
| 1623 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499634 | KF499740 | KF499766 | NA | P. mutuki |
| 1624 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | NA | NA | NA | NA | P. mutuki |
| 1625 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499648 | KF499726 | NA | KF499824 | Z. gigantus |
| 1626 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | NA | NA | NA | NA | Z. gigantus |
| 1627 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499678 | KF499719 | NA | KF499823 | Z. vietnamensis |
| 1628 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499647 | KF499724 | NA | NA | Z. gigantus |
| 1629 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499633 | KF499739 | NA | NA | P. mutuki |
| 1630 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499632 | KF499738 | KF499768 | KF499822 | P. mutuki |
| 1631 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499660 | KF499737 | KF499772 | KF499785 | P. tuberculosa |
| 1632 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499650 | KF499723 | NA | KF499821 | Z. sansibaricus |
| 1633 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 4 | JD Reimer | KF499644 | KF499718 | NA | KF499784 | Z. gigantus |
| 1634 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 8 | JD Reimer | KF499659 | KF499736 | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1635 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 8 | JD Reimer | KF499652 | KF499735 | KF499776 | KF499783 | Palythoa sp. “sakurajimensis” |
| 1636 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499643 | KF499717 | NA | NA | Z. gigantus |
| 1637 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499677 | KF499716 | NA | KF499789 | Z. vietnamensis |
| 1638 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499676 | KF499715 | NA | KF499790 | Z. vietnamensis |
| 1639 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 2 | JD Reimer | KF499675 | KF499714 | NA | KF499791 | Z. vietnamensis |
| 1640 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 3 | JD Reimer | KF499658 | KF499734 | KF499774 | KF499782 | P. tuberculosa |
| 1641 | Bitouchiao | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | 3 | JD Reimer | KF499657 | KF499733 | KF499775 | KF499798 | P. tuberculosa |
| 1642 | Yeliu | Keelung | 06-Sep-09 | Intertidal | JD Reimer | KF499639 | NA | KF499769 | KF499799 | P. mutuki |
| 1654 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499673 | KF499763 | NA | KF499801 | Zoanthus kuroshio |
| 1655 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499672 | KF499762 | NA | KF499788 | Z. kuroshio |
| 1656 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499656 | KF499761 | KF499773 | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1657 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499671 | KF499760 | NA | KF499793 | Z. kuroshio |
| 1658 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499631 | KF499759 | NA | KF499800 | P. mutuki |
| 1659 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499655 | KF499758 | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1660 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499653 | KF499757 | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| 1661 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499654 | KF499756 | NA | KF499803 | P. tuberculosa |
| 1662 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499674 | KF499755 | NA | KF499795 | Z. kuroshio |
| 1663 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499649 | KF499754 | NA | NA | Z. sansibaricus |
| 1664 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499642 | KF499753 | NA | NA | Z. gigantus |
| 1665 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | NA | KF499752 | NA | NA | Z. gigantus |
| 1666 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | NA | KF499751 | NA | NA | Z. gigantus |
| 1667 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499630 | KF499750 | NA | KF499808 | P. mutuki |
| 1668 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499679 | KF499749 | NA | NA | Z. vietnamensis |
| 1669 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499629 | KF499748 | NA | KF499804 | P. mutuki |
| 1670 | Zolo | Green I. | 06-Sep-10 | 1 | JD Reimer | KF499628 | KF499747 | NA | KF499809 | P. mutuki |
| TF1 | Shihlang | Green I. | 01-Nov-09 | 7 | T Fujii | NA | KF499731 | NA | NA | Parazoanthus sp. |
| TF3 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 11 | T Fujii | NA | NA | NA | NA | Palythoa sp. |
| TF4 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 10 | T Fujii | NA | NA | NA | NA | Acrozoanthus australiae |
| TF5 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 10 | T Fujii | NA | NA | NA | NA | A. australiae |
| TF6 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 10 | T Fujii | NA | NA | NA | NA | Palythoa sp. |
| TF7 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 8 | T Fujii | NA | NA | NA | NA | Palythoa sp. |
| TF8 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 4 | T Fujii | KF499664 | KF499732 | GET | KF499813 | P. tuberculosa |
| TF9 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 2 | T Fujii | KF499645 | KF499713 | NA | NA | Z. gigantus |
| TF10 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | Intertidal | T Fujii | KF499651 | KF499712 | NA | GET(A) | Z. sansibaricus |
| TF11 | Matichao | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 16 | T Fujii | NA | KF499728 | NA | NA | Epizoanthus illoricatus |
| TF12 | Matichao | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 13 | T Fujii | KF499612 | KF499703 | KF499771 | KF499814 | Palythoa heliodiscus |
| TF13 | Matichao | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 6 | T Fujii | NA | NA | NA | NA | Palythoa sp. |
| TF14 | Matichao | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 3 | T Fujii | KF499670 | KF499727 | NA | KF499797 | Z. vietnamensis |
| TF15 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 1 | T Fujii | KF499640 | KF499746 | NA | KF499815 | P. mutuki |
| TF16 | Matichao | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 1 | E Hirose | KF499669 | KF499711 | NA | KF499802 | Z. vietnamensis |
| TF17 | Gweiwan | Green I. | 04-Nov-09 | NA | T Fujii | KF499686 | KF499722 | NA | NA | Hydrozoanthus gracilis |
| TF20 | Gweiwan | Green I. | 04-Nov-09 | 21 | T Fujii | NA | NA | KF499781 | NA | Palythoa sp. |
| TF21 | Gweiwan | Green I. | 04-Nov-09 | 20 | T Fujii | NA | NA | NA | NA | Palythoa sp. |
| TF22 | Gweiwan | Green I. | 04-Nov-09 | 8 | T Fujii | NA | NA | NA | NA | Palythoa sp. |
| YI1 | Shihlang | Green I. | 01-Nov-09 | 2 | Y Irei | KF499681 | KF499708 | NA | KF499796 | Z. vietnamensis |
| YI2 | Shihlang | Green I. | 01-Nov-09 | 5 | Y Irei | KF499614 | KF499702 | KF499779 | KF499810 | P. heliodiscus |
| YI3 | Shihlang | Green I. | 01-Nov-09 | 8 | Y Irei | NA | NA | NA | NA | Z. gigantus |
| YI4 | Shihlang | Green I. | 01-Nov-09 | 9 | Y Irei | KF499613 | KF499701 | KF499780 | NA | P. heliodiscus |
| YI5 | Shihlang | Green I. | 01-Nov-09 | 9 | Y Irei | NA | KF499730 | NA | NA | Parazoanthus sp. |
| YI6 | Shihlang | Green I. | 01-Nov-09 | 7 | Y Irei | NA | NA | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| YI7 | Shihlang | Green I. | 01-Nov-09 | 9 | Y Irei | NA | KF499729 | NA | NA | Parazoanthus sp. |
| YI8 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 10 | Y Irei | KF499685 | KF499720 | KF499777 | KF499811 | Palythoa sp. “sakurajimensis” |
| YI10 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 11 | Y Irei | NA | NA | NA | NA | H. gracilis |
| YI11 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 11 | Y Irei | NA | NA | NA | NA | H. gracilis |
| YI12 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 11 | Y Irei | NA | KF499721 | NA | NA | Parazoanthus sp. |
| YI13 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 4 | Y Irei | NA | NA | NA | NA | P. tuberculosa |
| YI14 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 4 | Y Irei | KF499641 | KF499700 | KF499770 | KF499812 | P. mutuki |
| YI15 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 2 | Y Irei | NA | NA | NA | NA | Z. sansibaricus |
| YI16 | Matichao | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 15 | Y Irei | NA | NA | NA | NA | E. illoricatus |
| YI17 | Matichao | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 5 | Y Irei | NA | NA | NA | NA | Palythoa sp. |
| YI18 | Matichao | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | 5 | Y Irei | NA | NA | NA | NA | Palythoa sp. |
| YI19 | Gweiwan | Green I. | 04-Nov-09 | 9 | Y Irei | KF499682 | KF499710 | NA | NA | A. australiae |
| YI20 | Gweiwan | Green I. | 04-Nov-09 | 9 | Y Irei | KF499684 | KF499709 | NA | GET (D) | A. australiae |
| YI21 | Sankuaiyan | Green I. | 04-Nov-09 | 20 | Y Irei | NA | NA | NA | NA | Palythoa sp. |
| YI22 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | Intertidal | Y Irei | NA | NA | NA | NA | P. mutuki |
| YI23 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | Intertidal | Y Irei | NA | NA | NA | NA | Z. sansibaricus |
| YI24 | Dabaisha | Green I. | 02-Nov-09 | Intertidal | Y Irei | KF499680 | KF499707 | NA | KF499792 | Z. vietnamensis |
| WLT1 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499817 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT2 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499828 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT3 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499829 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT4 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499830 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT5 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499831 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT6 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499832 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT7 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499833 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT8 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499834 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT9 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499835 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT10 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499836 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT11 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499837 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT12 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499838 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT13 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499839 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT14 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499840 | P. tuberculosa |
| WLT15 | Wanli Tung | Kenting | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | SY Yang | NA | NA | NA | KF499841 | P. tuberculosa |
| TWLK1 | Longkeng | Kenting | Dec 2011 | 3 to 5 | CY Kuo | NA | NA | NA | KF499818 | P. tuberculosa |
| TWLK2 | Longkeng | Kenting | Dec 2011 | 3 to 5 | CY Kuo | NA | NA | NA | KF499842 | P. tuberculosa |
| TWLK3 | Longkeng | Kenting | Dec 2011 | 3 to 5 | CY Kuo | NA | NA | NA | KF499843 | P. tuberculosa |
| TWLK4 | Longkeng | Kenting | Dec 2011 | 3 to 5 | CY Kuo | NA | NA | NA | KF499844 | P. tuberculosa |
| TWLK5 | Longkeng | Kenting | Dec 2011 | 3 to 5 | CY Kuo | NA | NA | NA | KF499845 | P. tuberculosa |
| TWLK6 | Longkeng | Kenting | Dec 2011 | 3 to 5 | CY Kuo | NA | NA | NA | KF499846 | P. tuberculosa |
| TWLK7 | Longkeng | Kenting | Dec 2011 | 3 to 5 | CY Kuo | NA | NA | NA | KF499847 | P. tuberculosa |
| TWLK8 | Longkeng | Kenting | Dec 2011 | 3 to 5 | CY Kuo | NA | NA | NA | KF499848 | P. tuberculosa |
| TWLK9 | Longkeng | Kenting | Dec 2011 | 3 to 5 | CY Kuo | NA | NA | NA | KF499849 | P. tuberculosa |
| TWLK10 | Longkeng | Kenting | Dec 2011 | 3 to 5 | CY Kuo | NA | NA | NA | KF499850 | P. tuberculosa |
| TWLK11 | Longkeng | Kenting | Dec 2011 | 3 to 5 | CY Kuo | NA | NA | NA | KF499851 | P. tuberculosa |
| GIGW1 | Gweiwan | Green I. | Sept 2012 | NA | Y Nozawa | NA | NA | NA | KF499820 | P. tuberculosa |
| GIGW2 | Gweiwan | Green I. | Sept 2012 | NA | Y Nozawa | NA | NA | NA | KF499859 | P. tuberculosa |
| GIGW3 | Gweiwan | Green I. | Sept 2012 | NA | Y Nozawa | NA | NA | NA | KF499860 | P. tuberculosa |
| GIGW4 | Gweiwan | Green I. | Sept 2012 | NA | Y Nozawa | NA | NA | NA | KF499861 | P. tuberculosa |
| GIGW5 | Gweiwan | Green I. | Sept 2012 | NA | Y Nozawa | NA | NA | NA | KF499862 | P. tuberculosa |
| PHWA1 | Wangan | Penghu Is. | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | HJ Hsieh, AC Chung | NA | NA | NA | KF499819 | P. tuberculosa |
| PHWA2 | Wangan | Penghu Is. | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | HJ Hsieh, AC Chung | NA | NA | NA | KF499856 | P. tuberculosa |
| PHWA3 | Wangan | Penghu Is. | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | HJ Hsieh, AC Chung | NA | NA | NA | KF499857 | P. tuberculosa |
| PHWA4 | Wangan | Penghu Is. | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | HJ Hsieh, AC Chung | NA | NA | NA | KF499858 | P. tuberculosa |
| PHWA9g1 | Wangan | Penghu Is. | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | HJ Hsieh, AC Chung | NA | NA | NA | KF499852 | P. tuberculosa |
| PHWA9g2 | Wangan | Penghu Is. | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | HJ Hsieh, AC Chung | NA | NA | NA | KF499853 | P. tuberculosa |
| PHWA9g3 | Wangan | Penghu Is. | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | HJ Hsieh, AC Chung | NA | NA | NA | KF499854 | P. tuberculosa |
| PHWA9g4 | Wangan | Penghu Is. | Sept 2012 | 3 to 5 | HJ Hsieh, AC Chung | NA | NA | NA | KF499855 | P. tuberculosa |
