Table 1 Descriptions and definitions of variables used in this study

Microhabitat scale

Slope aspect (deg)

Nine categories: no aspect (slope of <5°), north, northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west, and northwest

Slope (deg)

Five categories: <10°, 10° to 20°, 20° to 30°, 30° to 40°, and ≥40°

Canopy (%)

Canopy of overstory in sampling plot, four categories: <25%, 25% to 50%, 50% to 75%, and ≥75%

Shrub coverage (%)

Coverage of shrubs in the sampling plot, four categories: <25%, 25% to 50%, 50% to 75%, and ≥75%

Bamboo coverage (%)

Coverage of bamboo in the sampling plot, four categories: <25%, 25% to 50%, 50% to 75%, and ≥75%

Tree size (cm)

Average breast diameter (DBH) of trees in each 100-m² square plot nearest to the center of a 400-m² plot

Tree dispersion (m)

Average distance of the nearest tree to the center in each 100-m² square plot

Tree density

Average number of trees in two 20-m² rectangular transects in a 400-m² plot

Shrub size (cm)

Average DBH of shrubs in each 100-m² square plot nearest to the center of a 400-m² plot

Shrub dispersion (m)

Average distance of the nearest shrub to the center in each 100-m² square plot

Shrub density

Average number of shrubs in two 20-m² rectangular transects in a 400-m² plot

Fallen-log density

Total number of fallen logs (>10 cm in diameter) in a 400-m² plot

Tree stump density

Total number of tree stumps (> 10 cm in diameter) in a 400-m² plot

Foraging site scale

Bamboo density

Number of culms in a 1 × 1-m bamboo site

Old-bamboo size (mm)

Average basal diameter of culms in a 1 × 1-m bamboo site (five old bamboo culms were measured randomly at each site)

Old-bamboo height (m)

Average height of culms in a 1 × 1-m bamboo site (five old bamboo culms were measured randomly at each site)

Young-bamboo density

Number of young bamboo culms in a 1 × 1-m bamboo site

Young-bamboo proportion (%)

Proportion of young bamboo culms in a 1 × 1-m bamboo site