An alternative kernel-based method for estimating copepod growth rates from multimodal biomass distributions in artificial cohort experiments

Zoological Studies

Table 4 Regression coefficients of temperature and body mass in relation to weight-specific growth rate of cyclopoid morphotype

	a ₀	E	a ₂	r ²	p value	n	MSE of cross-validation
	(growth constant)	(activation energy)	(size coefficient)	r ²	p value	n	MSE of cross-validation
Method 1	18.44 (±11.15)	0.57 (±0.29)	-0.59 (±0.12)	0.24	<0.01	81	1.20
Method 2	14.40 (±9.58)	0.47 (±0.25)	-0.70 (±0.10)	0.33	<0.01	88	0.76
Method 3	11.69 (±8.68)	0.38 (±0.22)	-0.51 (±0.08)	0.27	<0.01	96	0.55
Expected value		0.6 to 0.7	-0.25

The regression coefficients were calculated according to the function ln $g$ = $a$ ₀+ $a$ ₁ $T$ + $a$ . The methods are as follows: (1) average value, (2) mode value, and (3) multiple-peak consideration. Values in parentheses are bootstrap estimates of the standard error of coefficients. g, weight-specific growth rate (1/day); M, body mass (μg); T, temperature (K); E, activation energy (eV), E = -a₁ × k; k, Boltzmann's constant (eV/K); n, sample size; MSE of cross-validation, mean squared error calculated from the 10-fold cross-validation analysis. The cyclopoid morphotype includes oithonids, oncaeids, and corycaeids in the 100- to 150-μm size fraction.